Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
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Query Trace: Asay GR[original query] |
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Disparities in tuberculosis incidence by race and ethnicity among the U.S.-born population in the United States, 2011 to 2021 : An analysis of national disease registry data
Li Y , Regan M , Swartwood NA , Barham T , Beeler Asay GR , Cohen T , Hill AN , Horsburgh CR Jr , Khan A , Marks SM , Myles RL , Salomon JA , Self JL , Menzies NA . Ann Intern Med 2024 BACKGROUND: Elevated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates have recently been reported for racial/ethnic minority populations in the United States. Tracking such disparities is important for assessing progress toward national health equity goals and implementing change. OBJECTIVE: To quantify trends in racial/ethnic disparities in TB incidence among U.S.-born persons. DESIGN: Time-series analysis of national TB registry data for 2011 to 2021. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: U.S.-born persons stratified by race/ethnicity. MEASUREMENTS: TB incidence rates, incidence rate differences, and incidence rate ratios compared with non-Hispanic White persons; excess TB cases (calculated from incidence rate differences); and the index of disparity. Analyses were stratified by sex and by attribution of TB disease to recent transmission and were adjusted for age, year, and state of residence. RESULTS: In analyses of TB incidence rates for each racial/ethnic population compared with non-Hispanic White persons, incidence rate ratios were as high as 14.2 (95% CI, 13.0 to 15.5) among American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) females. Relative disparities were greater for females, younger persons, and TB attributed to recent transmission. Absolute disparities were greater for males. Excess TB cases in 2011 to 2021 represented 69% (CI, 66% to 71%) and 62% (CI, 60% to 64%) of total cases for females and males, respectively. No evidence was found to indicate that incidence rate ratios decreased over time, and most relative disparity measures showed small, statistically nonsignificant increases. LIMITATION: Analyses assumed complete TB case diagnosis and self-report of race/ethnicity and were not adjusted for medical comorbidities or social determinants of health. CONCLUSION: There are persistent disparities in TB incidence by race/ethnicity. Relative disparities were greater for AI/AN persons, females, and younger persons, and absolute disparities were greater for males. Eliminating these disparities could reduce overall TB incidence by more than 60% among the U.S.-born population. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
Cost-effectiveness of expanded latent TB infection testing and treatment: Lynn City, Massachusetts, USA
Beeler Asay GR , Woodruff R , Sanderson DM , Fisher CF , Marks SM , Green VD , Tibbs AM , Hill AN , Haptu HH , McManus D , Paradise RK , Auguste-Nelson C , Cochran JJ . Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2024 28 (1) 21-28 BACKGROUND: Between October 2016 and March 2019, Lynn Community Health Center in Massachusetts implemented a targeted latent TB infection testing and treatment (TTT) program, increasing testing from a baseline of 1,200 patients tested to an average of 3,531 patients tested, or 9% of the population per year.METHODS: We compared pre-implementation TTT, represented by the first two quarters of implementation data, to TTT, represented by 12 quarters of data. Time, diagnostic, and laboratory resources were estimated using micro-costing. Other cost and testing data were obtained from the electronic health record, pharmaceutical claims, and published reimbursement rates. A Markov cohort model estimated future health outcomes and cost-effectiveness from a societal perspective in 2020 US dollars. Monte Carlo simulation generated 95% uncertainty intervals.RESULTS: The TTT program exhibited extended dominance over baseline pre-intervention testing and had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$52,603 (US$22,008â-"US$95,360). When compared to baseline pre-TTT testing, the TTT program averted an estimated additional 7.12 TB cases, 3.49 hospitalizations, and 0.16 deaths per lifetime cohort each year.CONCLUSIONS: TTT was more cost-effective than baseline pre-implementation testing. Lynn Community Health Centerâ-™s experience can help inform other clinics considering expanding latent TB infection testing. |
Cost of Tuberculosis Therapy Directly Observed on Video for Health Departments and Patients in New York City; San Francisco, California; and Rhode Island (2017-2018)
Beeler Asay GR , Lam CK , Stewart B , Mangan JM , Romo L , Marks SM , Morris SB , Gummo CL , Keh CE , Hill AN , Thomas A , Macaraig M , St John K , JAmpie T , Chuck C , Burzynski J . Am J Public Health 2020 110 (11) 1696-1703 Objectives. To assess costs of video and traditional in-person directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis (TB) treatment to health departments and patients in New York City, Rhode Island, and San Francisco, California.Methods. We collected health department costs for video DOT (VDOT; live and recorded), and in-person DOT (field- and clinic-based). Time-motion surveys estimated provider time and cost. A separate survey collected patient costs. We used a regression model to estimate cost by DOT type.Results. Between August 2017 and June 2018, 343 DOT sessions were captured from 225 patients; 87 completed a survey. Patient costs were lowest for VDOT live ($1.01) and highest for clinic DOT ($34.53). The societal (health department + patient) costs of VDOT live and recorded ($6.65 and $12.64, respectively) were less than field and clinic DOT ($21.40 and $46.11, respectively). VDOT recorded health department cost was not statistically different from field DOT cost in Rhode Island.Conclusions. Among the 4 different modalities, both types of VDOT were associated with lower societal costs when compared with traditional forms of DOT.Public Health Implications. VDOT was associated with lower costs from the societal perspective and may reduce public health costs when TB incidence is high. |
Association between self-reported hypertension and antihypertensive medication use and cardiovascular disease-related events and expenditures among patients diagnosed with hypertension
Baker-Goering MM , Howard DH , Will JC , Beeler Asay GR , Roy K . Public Health Rep 2019 134 (5) 33354919864363 OBJECTIVES: Research suggests that persons who are aware of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors than persons who are not aware of the risk factors. We examined whether patients whose insurance claims included an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code associated with hypertension who self-reported high blood pressure were more likely to fill antihypertensive medication prescriptions and less likely to have CVD-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations (hereinafter, CVD-related events) and related medical expenditures than patients with these codes who did not self-report high blood pressure. METHODS: We used a large convenience sample from the MarketScan Commercial Database linked with the MarketScan Health Risk Assessment (HRA) Database to identify patients aged 18-64 in the United States whose insurance claims included an ICD-9 code associated with hypertension and who completed an HRA from 2008 through 2012 (n = 111 655). We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the association between self-reported high blood pressure and (1) filling prescriptions for antihypertensive medications and (2) CVD-related events. Because most patients with hypertension will not have a CVD-related event, we used a 2-part model to analyze medical expenditures. The first part estimated the likelihood of a CVD-related event, and the second part estimated expenditures. RESULTS: Patients with an ICD-9 code of hypertension who self-reported high blood pressure had a significantly higher predicted probability of filling antihypertensive medication prescriptions (26.5%; 95% confidence interval, 25.7-27.3; P < .001), had a significantly lower predicted probability of a CVD-related event (0.6%, P < .001), and on average spent significantly less on CVD-related events ($251, P = .01) than patients who did not self-report high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: This study affirms that self-knowledge of high blood pressure, even among patients who are diagnosed and treated for hypertension, can be improved. Interventions that improve patients' awareness of their hypertension may improve antihypertensive medication use and reduce adverse CVD-related events. |
School-Based Influenza Vaccination: Health and Economic Impact of Maine's 2009 Influenza Vaccination Program.
Basurto-Davila R , Meltzer MI , Mills DA , Beeler Asay GR , Cho BH , Graitcer SB , Dube NL , Thompson MG , Patel SA , Peasah SK , Ferdinands JM , Gargiullo P , Messonnier M , Shay DK . Health Serv Res 2017 52 Suppl 2 2307-2330 OBJECTIVE: To estimate the societal economic and health impacts of Maine's school-based influenza vaccination (SIV) program during the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic. DATA SOURCES: Primary and secondary data covering the 2008-09 and 2009-10 influenza seasons. STUDY DESIGN: We estimated weekly monovalent influenza vaccine uptake in Maine and 15 other states, using difference-in-difference-in-differences analysis to assess the program's impact on immunization among six age groups. We also developed a health and economic Markov microsimulation model and conducted Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. DATA COLLECTION: We used national survey data to estimate the impact of the SIV program on vaccine coverage. We used primary data and published studies to develop the microsimulation model. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The program was associated with higher immunization among children and lower immunization among adults aged 18-49 years and 65 and older. The program prevented 4,600 influenza infections and generated $4.9 million in net economic benefits. Cost savings from lower adult vaccination accounted for 54 percent of the economic gain. Economic benefits were positive in 98 percent of Monte Carlo simulations. CONCLUSIONS: SIV may be a cost-beneficial approach to increase immunization during pandemics, but programs should be designed to prevent lower immunization among nontargeted groups. |
Absenteeism and employer costs associated with chronic diseases and health risk factors in the US workforce
Asay GR , Roy K , Lang JE , Payne RL , Howard DH . Prev Chronic Dis 2016 13 E141 INTRODUCTION: Employers may incur costs related to absenteeism among employees who have chronic diseases or unhealthy behaviors. We examined the association between employee absenteeism and 5 conditions: 3 risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity) and 2 chronic diseases (hypertension and diabetes). METHODS: We identified 5 chronic diseases or risk factors from 2 data sources: MarketScan Health Risk Assessment and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Absenteeism was measured as the number of workdays missed because of sickness or injury. We used zero-inflated Poisson regression to estimate excess absenteeism as the difference in the number of days missed from work by those who reported having a risk factor or chronic disease and those who did not. Covariates included demographics (eg, age, education, sex) and employment variables (eg, industry, union membership). We quantified absenteeism costs in 2011 and adjusted them to reflect growth in employment costs to 2015 dollars. Finally, we estimated absenteeism costs for a hypothetical small employer (100 employees) and a hypothetical large employer (1,000 employees). RESULTS: Absenteeism estimates ranged from 1 to 2 days per individual per year depending on the risk factor or chronic disease. Except for the physical inactivity and obesity estimates, disease- and risk-factor-specific estimates were similar in MEPS and MarketScan. Absenteeism increased with the number of risk factors or diseases reported. Nationally, each risk factor or disease was associated with annual absenteeism costs greater than $2 billion. Absenteeism costs ranged from $16 to $81 (small employer) and $17 to $286 (large employer) per employee per year. CONCLUSION: Absenteeism costs associated with chronic diseases and health risk factors can be substantial. Employers may incur these costs through lower productivity, and employees could incur costs through lower wages. |
Pregnancy dose Tdap and postpartum cocooning to prevent infant pertussis: a decision analysis
Terranella A , Asay GR , Messonnier ML , Clark TA , Liang JL . Pediatrics 2013 131 (6) e1748-56 BACKGROUND: Infants <2 months of age are at highest risk of pertussis morbidity and mortality. Until recently, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended protecting young infants by "cocooning" or vaccination of postpartum mothers and other close contacts with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis, adsorbed (Tdap) booster vaccine. ACIP recommends pregnancy vaccination as a preferred and safe alternative to postpartum vaccination. The ACIP cocooning recommendation has not changed. METHODS: We used a cohort model reflecting US 2009 births and the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis schedule to simulate a decision and cost-effectiveness analysis of Tdap vaccination during pregnancy compared with postpartum vaccination with or without vaccination of other close contacts (ie, cocooning). We analyzed infant pertussis cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, as well as direct disease, indirect, and public health costs for infants in the first year of life. All costs were updated to 2011 US dollars. RESULTS: Pregnancy vaccination could reduce annual infant pertussis incidence by more than postpartum vaccination, reducing cases by 33% versus 20%, hospitalizations by 38% versus 19%, and deaths by 49% versus 16%. Additional cocooning doses in a father and 1 grandparent could avert an additional 16% of cases but at higher cost. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year saved for pregnancy vaccination was substantially less than postpartum vaccination ($414,523 vs $1,172,825). CONCLUSIONS: Tdap vaccination during pregnancy could avert more infant cases and deaths at lower cost than postpartum vaccination, even when postpartum vaccination is combined with additional cocooning doses. Pregnancy dose vaccination is the preferred alternative to postpartum vaccination for preventing infant pertussis. |
Coordination costs for school-located influenza vaccination clinics, Maine, 2009 H1N1 pandemic
Asay GR , Cho BH , Lorick SA , Tipton ML , Dube NL , Messonnier ML . J Sch Nurs 2012 28 (5) 328-35 School nurses played a key role in Maine's school-located influenza vaccination (SLV) clinics during the 2009-2010 pandemic season. The objective of this study was to determine, from the school district perspective, the labor hours and costs associated with outside-clinic coordination activities (OCA). The authors defined OCA as labor hours spent by staff outside of clinic operations. The authors surveyed a convenience sample of 10 school nurses from nine school districts. Eight nurses responded to the survey, representing seven districts, 45 schools and 84 SLV clinics that provided a total of 22,596 vaccine doses (H1N1 and seasonal combined) to children and adolescents. The mean total OCA time per clinic was 69 hours: out of total hours, 22 (36%) were spent outside regular clinic operation time. The authors estimated the mean cost of OCA to be $15.36 per dose. Survey respondents reported that costs would be lower during non-pandemic seasons and as schools become more proficient at planning clinics. |
Costs of school-located influenza vaccination clinics in Maine during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic
Cho BH , Asay GR , Lorick SA , Tipton ML , Dube NL , Messonnier ML . J Sch Nurs 2012 28 (5) 336-43 This study retrospectively estimated costs for a convenience sample of school-located vaccination (SLV) clinics conducted in Maine during the 2009-2010 influenza season. Surveys were developed to capture the cost of labor including unpaid volunteers as well as supplies and materials used in SLV clinics. Six nurses from different school districts completed a clinic day survey on staff time; four of the six also provided data for materials and supplies. For all clinics, average per-dose labor cost was estimated at $5.95. Average per-dose material cost, excluding vaccine, was $5.76. From the four complete clinic survey responses, total per-dose cost was estimated to be an average of $13.51 (range = $4.91-$32.39). Use of donated materials and uncompensated volunteer staff could substantially reduce per-dose cost. Average per-dose cost could also be lowered by increasing the number of doses administered in a clinic. |
An economic evaluation of the use of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in the expanded program of immunization of Guizhou province, China
Yin Z , Beeler Asay GR , Zhang L , Li Y , Zuo S , Hutin YJ , Ning G , Sandhu HS , Cairns L , Luo H . Vaccine 2012 30 (37) 5569-77 BACKGROUND: Historically, China's Japanese encephalitis vaccination program was a mix of household purchase of vaccine and government provision of vaccine in some endemic provinces. In 2006, Guizhou, a highly endemic province in South West China, integrated JE vaccine into the provincial Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI); later, in 2007 China fully integrated 28 provinces into the national EPI, including Guizhou, allowing for vaccine and syringe costs to be paid at the national level. We conducted a retrospective economic analysis of JE integration into EPI in Guizhou province. METHODS: We modeled two theoretical cohorts of 100,000 persons for 65 years; one using JE live-attenuated vaccine in EPI (first dose: 95% coverage and 94.5% efficacy; second dose: 85% coverage and 98% efficacy) and one not. We assumed 60% sensitivity of surveillance for reported JE rates, 25% case fatality, 30% chronic disability and 3% discounting. We reviewed acute care medical records and interviewed a sample of survivors to estimate direct and indirect costs of illness. We reviewed the EPI offices expenditures in 2009 to estimate the average Guizhou program cost per vaccine dose. RESULTS: Use of JE vaccine in EPI for 100,000 persons would cost 434,898 US$ each year (46% of total cost due to vaccine) and prevent 406 JE cases, 102 deaths, and 122 chronic disabilities (4554 DALYs). If we ignore future cost savings and only use EPI program cost, the program would cost 95.5 US$/DALY, less than China Gross Domestic Product per capita in 2009 (3741 US$). From a cost-benefit perspective taking into account future savings, use of JE vaccine in EPI for a 100,000-person cohort would lead to savings of 1,591,975 US$ for the health system and 11,570,989 US$ from the societal perspective. CONCLUSIONS: In Guizhou, China, use of JE vaccine in EPI is a cost effective investment. Furthermore, it would lead to savings for the health system and society. |
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